Activities of Daily Living

Question: This report presents a short investigation of the meeting led on Mr. X who is an educator of the G.F. College of Australia. Answer: Presentation: Exercises of day by day living (ADL) is a term authored so as to allude to the every day self-care exercises of people in the human services segment. As expressed by Mehrholz et al. (2012). The medicinal services experts frequently utilize a people capacity or powerlessness to execute ADL as a type of estimation of their useful condition. In this specific situation, an individual meeting of G.F. College Professor Mr. X was directed during a wellbeing effort hung on the University grounds. Mr. X was forty eight years of age and an old worker of this organization. He has very nearly twenty years of experience as an educator. He was one of the Physics Professors in the science division. The motivation behind the meeting and the survey was to comprehend the ADL of the educator and furthermore perceive climate his wellbeing conditions needs clinical support (Pirsiavash and Ramanan 2012). Poll: The meeting was directed utilizing the poll as a compelling device. The arrangement of inquiries were structured based the general Activities of every day living (ADL) of a person. The primary point of the inquiries arranged was to comprehend the useful exercises of the interviewee. The arrangement of inquiries were planned dependent on the Resource Utilization Groups (RUG). There were all out six inquiries and out of these six inquiries one inquiry was identified with the meds admission of the interviewee (DESJARDINS and SAVOYSKI 2014). Floor covering ADL ITEM ANSWER SCORE Do you need support while straightening out your situation in bed or seat? I can freely move from one situation to the next in the bed or seat and ready to correct position. Additionally, I can play out my own weight zone alleviation, through unconstrained development around the bed. 1 Do you require help while eating or drinking? Im ready to cut, bite and furthermore swallow food and eat utilizing my hands without anyones help. 1 It is safe to say that you are autonomous while utilizing the latrine? Im ready to activate to the latrine, clean self and change my garments without the help of an individual. 1 Do you need support while moving starting with one spot then onto the next? I needn't bother with any close to home or gadget help, and I'm ready to play out all exchanges freely. 1 Do you expend any medication? On the off chance that yes what and why? I'm ready to devour medication all alone with no help. I take one Aten 50 consistently since I have hypertension, and this occasionally makes me get enticed. 1 How regularly do you utilize the seat in the class? I do get drained regularly on constant standing upstanding for quite a while and frequently utilized the seat to give help. 4 The RUG-ADL score of Mr. X summarizes to 9 (Klinger et al. 2013). Moral contemplations: The Codes of the morals for medical caretakers has been intended for the nursing experts at all levels in Australia. It doesn't just limit to the individuals from nursing foundation yet in addition intended for individuals getting nursing care, organizations answerable for the security of buyers, chiefs of human services, just as the general network. It sums up the various aspects of duty of nursing experts towards the individuals under their consideration, regarding, protecting and advancing their key rights. The primary thought process of the Code of Ethics for Nurses is to : Perceive and portray the fundamental qualities and gauges of morals, which is trailed by the nursing experts and that is normalized by the expert nursing rules. To fill in as a source of perspective to medical attendants so as to assist them with assessing their lead. To fill in as a rule to the beneficiaries of medicinal services with respect to what they can anticipate from the nursing experts. The Code of Ethics for Nurses expresses that the medical caretakers ought to Incentive for the quality nursing for all people. Give valuation for regard and grace towards others and oneself. Value the decent variety of individuals. Give quality medicinal services administration to all Acknowledge and regard for the choices made by the patients Keep up the protected and clean condition Oversee and secure patient data Advance prosperity of the patients and others by keeping up a socially, biologically and monetarily solid condition (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2016). Assessment of the code of morals that was followed in Mr. Xs case - Code explanation 1 : Nurses should esteem the acknowledge the standard nursing care techniques and recognize the duty regarding the consideration gave by them .(Johnstone 2015) . In the event of patient it is the sole obligation of a medical caretaker to decide if an individual is entitled for a nursing care, by assessing his everyday exercises. The survey intended for Mr. X features the exercises of every day life (ADL), and aides in deciding if, Mr. X requires help or quality nursing care. Code explanation 2: Nurses should esteem regard for the clients of social insurance, and persistently ensure the respect of a patient or for a person who may require wellbeing care(Ahpra.gov.au, 2016). It likewise incorporates adapting up or the degree of resistance appeared by a medical caretaker, concerning a patient needing support particularly more established grown-ups, and understanding the defenselessness or powerlessness of the person under consideration. Thinking about the instance of Mr. X, who is irascible and typically appalled by the quantity of inquiries being posed to him. A sense for regard and resilience was kept up during the meeting. Code Statement 7: Nurses ought to keep up the classification and security of every individual under their consideration and ought not unveil any data to any unapproved individual. Notwithstanding that, the data should just be gotten to so as to give quality medicinal services. All the data gave by Mr. X is kept classified and all the cooperations are absolutely expert and private in nature. The data might be utilized to decide the need of value human services. ADL Practices of the interviewee: As indicated by the Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-ADL) in a network administration a score of (16 18) RUG-ADL or above reflects genuine condition and in this way, requires a referral to the emergency clinic or matured consideration arrangement position. As per Eckner (2014), these scores may trigger Occupational Therapy appraisal or height in the apparatuses and hardware in the network or the inpatient setting. On thinking about the instance of Mr. X, he was a moderately aged man who needed the least support. As per the meeting directed utilizing the survey as a device, it was discovered that the RUG-ADL score of Mr. X was determined as 9. According to the RUG-ADL scoring scale, values between 16 to 18 reflects genuine condition. Since the score of Mr. X was accounted for as nine, thusly, he wears not expect referral to a medical clinic (Pompeu et al. 2012). As indicated by the meeting, Mr. X has typical ADL, and he doesn't require help with any of his every day exercises running from versatility to dietary patterns. This mirrors his body working is practically typical and stable. The main exemption is the utilization of medication day by day for hypertension and regularly requires the help of a seat during a long remain in the study hall (Sjlund et al. 2014). As talked about by Verhaaren et al. (2013), there are barely any determinants that assume a huge job in recognizing the explanation of his wellbeing condition and ADL. The main determinant is pressure. Since, Mr. X was an educator, the every day exercises that he acted in the class which includes strain about controlling the class discipline, show, directing functional, checking answer contents, and so on all heaps up to cause hypertension. This at last prompts hypertension. The second determinant of wellbeing is age. By and large, hypertension is seen in moderately aged individual. His age and hypertension cause him to get worried during a significant stretch of study hall action (Semenza et al. 2014). End: This report presents a concise examination of the meeting led on Mr. X who is a teacher of the G.F. College of Australia. Exercises of every day living (ADL) is a term instituted so as to allude to the day by day self-care exercises of people in the medicinal services part. The human services experts regularly utilize a people capacity or powerlessness to execute ADL as a type of estimation of their utilitarian condition. The meeting was led utilizing the poll as a viable apparatus. The arrangement of inquiries were planned based the general Exercises of day by day living (ADL) of Mr. X. The poll contained a lot of six inquiries which were identified with the day by day exercises of the interviewee. According to the report of the meeting, it very well may be inferred that the physical exercises and elements of Mr. X were typical aside from help of seat during class was taken because of hypertension. The determinants of his condition were distinguished as his age and stress. References: Ahpra.gov.au. (2016). Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Search. DESJARDINS, M. what's more, SAVOYSKI, J., 2014. Exercises of Daily Living.Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants, p.342. Eckner, J., 2014.High circulatory strain determinants and dangers. Johnstone, M.J., 2015.Bioethics: a nursing point of view. Elsevier Health Sciences Klinger, E., Kadri, A., Sorita, E., Le Guiet, J.L., Coignard, P., Fuchs, P., Leroy, L., Du Lac, N., Servant, F. what's more, Joseph, P.A., 2013. AGATHE: An instrument for customized restoration of subjective capacities dependent on mimicked exercises of day by day living.IRBM,34(2), pp.113-118. Mehrholz, J., Hdrich, A., Platz, T., Kugler, J. what's more, Pohl, M., 2012. Electromechanical and robot㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ assisted arm preparing for improving nonexclusive act

Overpopulation Essays (1380 words) - Demography, Population

Overpopulation Overpopulation ?The fight to take care of all of mankind is finished. In the 1970's the world will experience starvations a huge number of individuals will starve to death disregarding any accident programs left upon now. At this late date nothing can forestall a considerable increment on the planet passing rate, albeit numerous lives could be spared through sensational projects to ?stretch?the conveying limit of the earth by expanding food creation. Be that as it may, these projects will just give a stay of execution except if they are joined by decided and fruitful endeavors at populace control.? These words, from Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich's book The Population Bomb, anticipated a troubling future for the universe of 1968 when the book was distributed. Today, the discussion seethes on about how much life our planet can hold. With total populace gauges presently around 5.5 billion, and an anticipated populace of more than 10 billion by 2100, the subject of asset shortage is raised. Will there be sufficient assets to help the detonating populace of our planet? Likewise, is it genuine that populace development is important for monetary flourishing, or is it liable for issues, for example, yearning and destitution? One of the main things that should be considered in the populace banter is the issue of ?conveying limit.? Various individuals characterize conveying limit from multiple points of view, and in this lies a significant issue. Essential nature reading material characterize conveying limit as the quantity of people in a populace that the assets of a specific environment can bolster. Others characterize it as where the birth rate is equivalent to the passing rate, while still others characterize is as the normal size of a populace that is neither expanding or diminishing. Each unique meaning of conveying limit has various contentions for the earth being above or beneath its conveying limit, or of having unbounded conveying limit. Likewise, numerous different variables must be viewed as while evaluating the world's ability by any of the above definitions. For example, one must think about the degree of success of the individuals, the innovation accessible, and the dissemination of accessible riches. Under specific conditions, the world may not effectively hold even 1 billion individuals, while under different conditions a number as high as 20 billion is conceivable. Another factor in overpopulation that must be considered is that of future. As per United Nations gauges, the future in created countries in the 1950's was around 66.0 years, while underdeveloped countries appreciated a future of 40.7 years. Because of considerable decreases in newborn child mortality, the normal future in created countries was 74.0 years and 64.7 years in creating nations. In any case, in spite of the fact that most of this expansion is because of diminishes in baby mortality, bounces with this enormous of an expansion can't be totally clarified by that by itself. New improvements in medication and innovation have expanded life expectancies in all cases. Much additionally encouraging, and maybe disturbing, is the way that anticipated ?upper limits?of human future have routinely been outperformed, and increments in future even have all the earmarks of being quickening. These normal future increments, on the off chance that they proceed, will permit the total populace to soar at a significantly quicker rate. At long last, and maybe the most significant issue that must be examined in the discussion on overpopulation is the issue of asset shortage. Purported ?experts?love to enter the discussion and make doomsday expectations that the world will come up short on food, or oil, much like Dr. Paul Ehrlich did in his book, The Population Bomb. Nonetheless, these forecasts never appear to work out as expected. Julian Simon, a market analyst, has a thought regarding common assets which has started piles of discussion from the two camps in the overpopulation conversation. Simon attests that every single regular asset are limitless. While this case may appear to be nervy from the outset, it becomes more clear precisely what he implies when considered. His point is unquestionably not that there are a boundless number of gold or copper iotas in the earth. The mass of the earth is limited, and current logical examinations suggest that even the mass of the universe is limited. Simon is stating that assets are uncertain as in we will never come up short on them for whatever we choose to utilize

Analyzing Communication: Mercedes Benz Commercial

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The History of Research Paper Written Refuted

The History of Research Paper Written Refuted Have a peek at the factors to be considered while selecting an area of research. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. You don't need to be worried about your personal details that could be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. Our writing assistance agency combines pocket-friendly prices and respective amenities for our customers to make sure a superb customer experience. You will spend quite a good deal of time working on your research, so it's vital to choose a topic that you truly enjoy working with. Moreover, make certain the topic isn't too broad as it might be difficult to cover comprehensively in the time and space allowed. You obtain your topic and paper punctually and free up time for some other pursuits. 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The Role of the Sirens in Homers Odyssey Essay - 552 Words

The Role of the Sirens in Odyssey The Sirens in the Odyssey represent more than just a maritime danger to the passing ship. They are the desires of man that he cannot have. The Sirens can also be construed as forbidden knowledge or some other taboo object. Whatever these singing women actually are, the sailors are wise to avoid them. As usual, the wily Odysseus cheats at the rules of the game by listening to their song under the restraints constructed by his crew. In their critical review, Horkheimer and Adorno treat the song of the Sirens as a forbidden knowledge of everything. The Sirens represent mans enlightenment. The two writers state, Even though the Sirens know all that has happened, they demand the future as the price†¦show more content†¦Ahab was destroyed by his siren, which was an elusive whale named Moby Dick. Blanchot points out, Ahab and the whale are engaged in a drama, what we can call a metaphysical drama, using the word loosely, and the Sirens and Ulysses are engaged in the same struggle...The result is a sort of victory for him, a dark disaster for Ahab (Blanchot 44). Ahab obviously could not resist his siren, and it spelled the end for him. Odysseus realized the danger and took measures to protect his crew from the irresistible urge that would pull them to their doom. Of the two reviews cited, the latter is probably the most appropriate for the epic. Ahabs passion is a great example of the result of a sirens draw on a man toward self inflicted ruin. Portraying the Sirens song as a tease for enlightenment that comes at a price may be just as good of an example, but it doesnt give the reader a taste for the pull toward the rocks. The writing by Horkheimer and Adorno goes further off into some other purpose. They reference machinery, production and progress in their review. This sounds like they are leading the reader toward a Ted Kazynski conclusion on enlightenment and the technology that comes with it. Blanchot paints a better comparison with his reference to human desires and passions. It is human to have forbidden desires. For some people, these are alcohol and cigarettes. Others cannot resist criminalShow MoreRelatedHistory, Symbolism, and Characters in Homer’s The Odyssey 1118 Words   |  5 Pages In The Odyssey, it takes Odysseus twenty years to make it home from the Trojan War. On his journey home, he runs into many obstacles and creatures that he must overcome. He encounters the sirens, the Cyclops, and others. Each event in this epic poem has a symbolic meaning behind it. Homer writes about the history, symbolism, and the characters in The Odyssey. The Odyssey is about the Greek gods and heroes and their adventures (Makman). Odysseus is the main character, and he is going on a questRead More Women of the Odyssey Essays1488 Words   |  6 PagesWomen of the Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people regard Homer’s epics as war stories—stories about men; those people often overlook the important roles that women play in the Odyssey. While there are not many female characters in the Odyssey, the few that there are, play pivotal roles in the story and one can gain a lot of insight by analyzing how those women are portrayed. Homer portrays the females in contradictory ways: the characters of Athena and Eurykleia are given strong, admirable roles while MelanthoRead MoreComparing The Odyssey And O Brother Where Art Thou1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"Odyssey†, one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer, and â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou†, a 2000 a film written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. At first thought you would not think the movie â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou† and â€Å"The Odyssey† have anything in common. It is however, the modern film depiction of the troubles of a man during the depression and is molded by the ancient struggles of Odysseus in Homer’s Odyssey. â€Å"The Odyssey† is about a Greek warrior and isRead MoreThe Role of Woman in The Odyssey1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough â€Å"The Odyssey† by the Greek poet Homer is very much an epic tale of a man’s heroic quest, women play an incredibly large role. Homer’s epic tale, â€Å"The Odyssey† revolves around Ulysses’ quest to return back to his wife, Penelope, so that he may be reunited with her and assume control over his palace, which has been overrun by suitors. Ulysses’ son, Telemachus attempts to regain authority in the presence of the many suitors but finds this difficult and embarks upon his own journey under theRead MoreThe Odyssey and O Brother, Where Art Thou: Two Relevant Pieces?1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Odyssey and O Brother, Where Art Thou: Two Relevant Pieces? Time has not become the conqueror for the classical epic poem The Odyssey. For the past 2,500 years it has been turning its pages for many people all around the world, classifying it as the Western literary tradition. Even in the 21st century The Odyssey is still depicting its prominence when the film O Brother, Where Art Thou was directed in 2000 by loosely portraying the epic. The Coen Brothers’ film O Brother, Where Art Thou mirrorsRead More The Effect of the Sirens Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesGreek Mythology have multiple interpretations. 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She seized and devoured six men alive while screaming forRead More Greek Mythology Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesGreek Mythology can have several different interpretations. Among these characters are the dangerous, yet gorgeous Sirens, bird-women who sit on a cliff singing bewitching songs to captivate the minds of innocent travelers and bring them to their deaths. In Homer’s The Odyssey and Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Siren Song,† both poets give different portrayals of the Sirens. Homer believes the Sirens to be irresistible in order to establish men as heroes whereas Atwood depicts them as unsightly and pathetic soRead More Odysseus’ Search for Purpose in Homers Odyssey Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesOdysseus’ Search for Purpose in The Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a wayfarer in life, The Odyssey focuses on life’s greater purpose through the fulfillment of destiny, perseverance, and loyalty. These three themes recur continuously throughout Odysseus’ journey, molding life’s greater vision. Odysseus comes to understand his purpose in life by remaining true to these major themes as he faces and conquers each obstacle in his journey. The overarching theme of The Odyssey is the belief that man cannot escapeRead MoreLeda And The Swan Poem Analysis1260 Words   |  6 Pagesscenic mountains of Vermont, where an incident and the death of a young man is symbolic to the constant warfare that the soldiers endure daily. Likewise, allusion in the poems â€Å"Leda and the Swanâ€Å" by W. B. Yeats, â€Å"Out, Out---† by Robert Frost, and â€Å"Siren Songâ€Å" by Margaret Atwood reveals the historical conflicts that occurred within Greek mythology and World War I. To begin with, in â€Å"Leda and the Swan† by W. B. Yeats, he depicts the rape of a woman named Leda by Zeus, who is disguised as a swan, and

The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A...

â€Å"And they [migrants] stand still and watch the potatoes float by, listen to the screaming pigs being killed in a ditch and covered with quicklime, watch the mountains of oranges slop down to a putrefying ooze; and in the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected and influenced by good aspects†¦show more content†¦Scout comprehends this message from her father when she tells him that hurting Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley would be like shooting a mockingbird (Lee 276). As a result, Lee is able to project chara cters like Tom Robinson and Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley as â€Å"mockingbirds† because both of them are destroyed by evil depicted by Maycomb’s racial prejudice and social discrimination, â€Å"Tom Robinson’s a colored [black] man, Jem. No jury in this part of the world’s [South] going to say, â€Å"We think your [Tom Robinson] guilty, but not very,† on a charge [rape] like that† (Lee 219). Scout realizes this from her own experience and from her father, Atticus. Because Scout was raised by her father, the â€Å"moral voice† of Maycomb, she too understands the differences in people and that even though there are bad qualities in society, good exists as well when you truly understand individuality, â€Å"Atticus, he [Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley] was real nice†¦.† †¦ â€Å"Most people are Scout, when you finally see them† (Lee 281). To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath share a corresponding thema tic conception about people’s atrociousness to the weaker, ignorant members of society. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck conveys the essence of human ethics at times of crisis. For this reason, Steinbeck is enabled to construct a theme that reveals humanity’s consistency to take advantage of the feeble and destitute community. ForShow MoreRelatedComparing The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1327 Words   |  6 Pagesin the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affectedRead MoreThematic Message: Good vs. Evil1546 Words   |  7 Pagesin the eyes of the people there is a failure; and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck 349). John Steinbeck, the author of The Grapes of Wrath, portrays the migrant’s resentment of the California land owners and their way of life and illustrates that the vagrants from Oklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affectedRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Lord Of The Rings 747 Words   |  3 Pages1) To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee 2) 1984 by George Orwell 3) The Lord Of The Rings Trilogy by J.R.R Tolkien 4) The Catcher In The Rye by J.D Sallinger 5) The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald 6) The Lion, The Witch, And The Wardrobe by C.S Lewis 7) Lord Of The Flies by William Golding 8) Animal Farm by George Orwell 9) Catch-22 by Joseph Heller 10) The Grapes Of Wrath by John Steinbeck 11) Gone With The Wind by Margaret Mitchell 12) Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut 13) Lolita by VladimirRead MoreWilliam Harper Lee s Today s World Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesJustice in Today’s World Setting in the 1930’s, Harper Lee’s fictional portrayal of the typical black man in To Kill a Mocking Bird set off what has happened to hundreds if not thousands of African-Americans in those times. Her book was generally about the racism that existed in the southern states of the U.S. â€Å"In scripting Mockingbird, Lee sought to document the region s historic problem with racism and expose the anatomy of segregation at the moment of its legal dismantling. In doingRead MoreComparing Rosemarie Seus And John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2004 Words   |  9 PagesRosemarie Seus John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck On Feb. 27, 1902, in Salinas, California, John Ernst Steinbeck Jr was born.His father, John Ernst Steinbeck worked several jobs, while his mother, Olive Hamilton Steinbeck was a former schoolteacher. Steinbeck had a mostly happy childhood – he grew up with three sisters, was smart, and formed an early appreciation for the land. Steinbeck decided to become a writer at the age of 14, writing many poems and stories. He enrolled in StanfordRead MoreStories2682 Words   |  11 Pages 2011 AND 2012 CONTENTS Introduction: How to use these notes 1. The Signalman Charles Dickens 2. The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman 3. How It Happened Arthur Conan Doyle 4. There Will Come Soft Rains Ray Bradbury 5. Meteor John Wyndham 6. The Lemon Orchard Alex la Guma 7. Secrets Bernard MacLaverty 8. The Taste of Watermelon Borden Deal 9. The Third and Final Continent Jhumpa Lahiri 10. On Her Knees Tim Winton 1 These notes are intended to give some backgroundRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesAnderson, Laurie Twisted YA Anderson, M.T The astonishing life of Octavian nothing YA Atwood, Margaret The handmaid’s tale AF Auel, Jean Clan of the cave bear AF Baranay, Inez Pagan SF Barrie, J.M. Peter Pan JF Binchy, Maeve Circle of friends AF Boyne, John, The boy in the striped pyjamas AF YA Braithwaite, E.R. To sir with love SF YA Brashares, Ann Sisterhood of the travelling pants YA Brooks, Geraldine March AF http://www.geraldinebrooks.com/march.html Burgess, Anthony A clockwork orange AF Carroll

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among Essay the Flight and Cabin Crew The Importance of Communication and Teamwork Among Essay the Flight and Cabin Crew TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 5 Background 5 Purpose/Audience 5 Sources 5 Limitaions 5 Scope 5 COLLECTED DATA 5 Importance of Communication Among the Crew 5 Main Cause of Aircraft Accidents 6 Duties of the Crew Members 7 Expectations of the Crew 7 The Crew is a Team 8 Intimidatin in the Cockpit 8 Cabin Crew is a part of the Team 9 Trusting the Crews Judgment 9 Crew Resource Management (CRM) 9 Outline of CRM Training 10 LOFT Training 10 Organizing Resources and Priorities 11 CONCLUSION 11 Summary of Findings 11 Interpretation of Findings 11 REFERENCES 13 ABSTRACT The majority of aircraft accidents are caused by human error, and an accident or incident is linked together by a chain of errors. Most of these accidents could have been avoided by the crew if they would have been communicating to each other better. Some common errors that occur among the crew are poor task delegation, assertiveness, and distractions. Crew training in communication and teamwork will increase the crews performance level. Programs like Crew Resource Management (CRM) have been developed to try to help the crews work together and reduce the human factor in accidents. CRM includes training in leadership/followership, assertiveness, management, communication, teamwork, decision making, and task delegation. Through programs like CRM crews learn to work together as a team, and when they are working together it is less likely therell be an accident. INTORDUCTION Background The cause for most aircraft accidents (65%) are by crew error (FAA News, 1996). When the Crews performance level is low due to poor teamwork and communication this is when accidents happen. How can crew error be reduced? Even though human error cant be reduced completely through constant training and effort by the crew performance will increase and accidents will be reduced. Purpose/Audience This report is intended for a general audience and will show how important it is for the flight and cabin crew to work together and communicate as a team. This report will also examine the CRM program. Sources Sources have been obtained for this report from the Internet and from the Waldo Library, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Scope Teamwork and communication are a critical factor in the crews operation of aircraft. Accidents can be prevented when these two factors are considered. COLLECTED DATA Importance of Communication amoung the Crew People communicate to each other every day. From a kids talking to their parents about their report card, to doctors working in an operating room. In order for us to understand one another we must be clear in what we say. For instance, if a doctor tells a nurse to pull a certain plug on a machine, hed better be clear on what he says or the nurse might end up harming a patient. Likewise, the cabin and flight crew must work together. In a typical cockpit the flight crew is very busy, and they need to be well organized to handle the many tasks they perform. They need to communicate properly and clearly for safe operations, if they dont their actions could result in a tragedy. Main Cause of Aircraft Accidents Mechanical problems and technical malfunctions do contribute to aircraft accidents, but human error is the main cause, accounting for 65% of the accidents (FAA News, 1996). See the pie chart in figure 1. This figure is quit high, and if it were possible to reduce human error the accident rate would drop significantly. Accidents that occur because of human error are not a direct result of just one error but of a chain of errors. The human error chain results when one bad decision leads to another which leads to the accident. The question is, how can we reduce human error in the cockpit? Studies have shown that most incidents could have been prevented if communication and leadership skills were improved. .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .postImageUrl , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:hover , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:visited , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:active { border:0!important; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:active , .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf5435c6064c6f4b454d119eae5a6eafe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb Essay ThesisDuties of Crew Members In order to have a clear understanding of whos involved in the crew, these positions with their duties will be discussed. There are usually 2-3 flight crew members and 1-3 flight attendants aboard an airliner. In the flight deck are the Captain, Co-pilot and flight engineer. When there are only two flight crew members theres no flight engineer. (this is to reduce costs). The Captain is the Pilot in Command (PIC). He/she has the final authority of all decisions and all responsibility rest on his/her shoulders. The Co-pilot assists the Captain in his/her duties, .