Television Media Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Television Media - Term Paper Example The last nineteen twenties saw the first successful experimentations of the electronic television. Designed by Philo Taylor, who had a vision of inventing a system that captured moving images that could be coded and transmitted onto a screen, it was a great success. The first image transmitted was a simple line and the dollar sign which he captured with a primitive camera. RCA, which dominated the radio business in the United States, invested fifty million dollars into the development of the television set. The company hired Vladimir Kosma to hasten the development and in nineteen thirty nine RCA televised the launching of the New York Fair. It included a speech by President Roosevelt who became the first head of State to be on television. The first television sets RCA sold had five by twelve inch picture tubes and broadcasted regular programs. This included televising of the first baseball game. The game was between Columbia and Princeton universities. The Second World War slowed down the development of television but by the nineteen fifties there was a growth in television stations and most homes in the United States could receive broadcasts. NBC and CBS were among the first stations and they aired news and programs such as â€Å"The Jack Benny Show† between nineteen fifty and nineteen sixty five (Angelova, 2011). Through the decades there was great development in the television set and soon the tubes had bigger screens with clear imaging. More television stations came up and the television industry became a major industry in the United States. Television programs made individuals everyday figures in people’s homesteads. Television was able to create a new type of hero; television and film stars, musicians and news anchors. The television made the conveying of news not on in the United States but across the world easy. Today, the television has come a long way and we have multi-billion dollar companies like Sony and Samsung who

Russia, 1905 - 1917, The Causes of Revolutionary Change Essay Example for Free

Russia, 1905 1917, The Causes of Revolutionary Change Essay Q3. Using your knowledge of the events of 1917 (March November) explain how the Bolsheviks were able to take over the government in November. The Bolsheviks were able to take over the Government in November 1917 by exploiting the mistakes made by the Provisional Government, their unique ideology, Lenins policies and propaganda, and an element of luck. These were the main factors for their seizure of power, but other factors combined together to allow the Bolsheviks to complete their objective. The Bolsheviks seized power, because they had a unique ideology. Their ideology was that a revolution had to be created, instead of just waiting for it to happen. They thought that they had to lead from the front. The Social Revolutionaries were unable to lead a revolution as they were too sparsely spread out across Russia, which is a vast country. The Mensheviks thought that a revolution would spontaneously occur as a larger proportion of the population urbanised. The truth is that this would never happen in the near future, because currently only about nine or ten percent of the population inhabited the cities. The other ninety percent were peasants who lived deep in the countryside. Lenin, a previous political exile knew that this degree of urbanisation would never happen, as Russia was too vast a country, and didnt have a transport system that was capable of allowing people from the countryside to come to the cities. Another unique idea that the Bolsheviks had was that they were the only party that wanted to end the war, while the rest of the parties (the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries) wanted to continue with the war effort. The majority of Russians thought that the war was also a bad idea, as it intensified the problems that were facing Russia at that time, such as starvation in the cities, terrible urban working conditions and the lack of land owned by the peasants. The war had caused these problems, and the continuation of the war did not remedy the situation. Plus the war was going badly, as the Russian army was able to put up some resistance against the Austrians, but suffered repetitive defeats at the hands of the Germans. The Bolsheviks unique ideology was therefore a very significant factor, as if they had not led from the front, a revolution would have never happened, and the All Russian Congress of Soviets wouldve been the legal ruling body of Russia. Another reason why the Bolsheviks took over the government in November 1917 was because of Lenins unique policies and propaganda. The Bolsheviks grew from a small insignificant party since the split of the Social Democrats in the London Conference, to dominate the Petrograd Soviet by November 1917. Lenin said that if the Bolsheviks gained power, then he would provide Peace, land and bread. This single phrase offered something that would make everyone happy. He promised peace, an end to the war, which was something that the majority of Russians wanted. The peace would allow the army to come home to their families. Peace was such a unique policy, as the Bolsheviks were the only party to offer it. The rest of the now legal political parties wanted to carry on with the war effort, even after they had seen that it had caused so much strife. He also offered land, something that was desired by nearly ninety percent of the population, the peasants. Before the peasants were forced to farm the common land of their village, or Mir, but Lenin offered that they would have their own land, something that they could own for themselves. And lastly, but not at all least was that he offered bread to the people. He offered a cure to starvation, which had plagued the cities, starving the umpteen number of urban workers, who had already been working longer hours to provide equipment for the front. Lenin said and promised things that he never planned on carrying out, but simply used them to win the support of people. The best example of this was when he came back from exile and stepped off the Sealed Train, he then said All power to the Soviets! In April 1917 but he did not mean this, but used it as a political tool to provoke peoples thoughts, and was very effective propaganda. He also used other slogans such as the one mentioned above to stimulate the Russian publics minds, and to gain their support. Lenin also managed to seize power in November 1917, because of his impeccable timing. Lenin was offered to lead the revolution during the July Days, but at that time he would have been taking power for the Soviets, including the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries. Lenin refused to take power at this time, but he didnt know for sure if he would have another opportunity to regain power. This risky move paid off later, as later on a Russian general (Kornilov) who was fighting on the front thought that the Provisional Government was weak, and he sought to re-introduce the Tsarist system. The leader of the Provisional Government (Alexander Kerensky) thought that Kornilovs army was finally going to overthrow the Provisional Government. He turned to Lenin and said that he would give him all the weapons of Petrograd if he would protect the city from the oncoming troops. Lenin accepted this plea and the private army of the Bolsheviks (the Red Guard) was given Petrograds weapons. On the 27th of August Kornilov marches his troops from the front towards Petrograd. When Kornilovs troops reach Petrograd, army discipline collapses and they abandon Kornilov to join the Red Guard. Now the Red Guard has the weapons of Petrograd, and an extended army due to the mutineers. The Provisional Government had made a huge mistake. They had given not only some, but all the weapons of Petrograd to the Red Guard leaving themselves defenceless. After Lenin had control of weapons, which were supplied to him by the Provisional Government, and an army that had rapidly gained support from the public and mutineers. He now had all the correct tools, which he needed for a job that he had masterminded: to take control of Russia legitimately. Now, he had time on his side, so he waited for the correct time to take control. The day he took control finally fell on the 6th November 1917, because that was the day before the All Russian Congress of Soviets was to meet. Due to his impeccable timing, he was able to take control before this meeting, which was to decide the fate of the Russian political system; therefore he was able to claim legitimacy. This showed that Lenin was very astute, as he had had chances to try and win power before, but he did not opt for that option, but waited until circumstances to his liking, and took advantages of them, resulting in the Bolshevik party ruling Russian headed by himself. The reason why the Bolsheviks took power in November 1917 was because they exploited the mistakes that had been made by the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government did not listen to what the people wanted, while Lenin told them what they wanted to hear, and subsequently won their support. The Provisional Government relaxed the censorship law, and therefore allowed new influential ideas to spread. This factor combined with the legalisation of political parties meant that these new ideas were large parts of the policies that the newly legalised parties used to try and gain support. The re-entry of political exiles into the country, such as Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin were all major mistakes, which Lenin in particular exploited as he stimulated the way people thought about the revolution that had recently occurred, and made them think if anything had actually changed. Once people had thought about that question, they realised that nothing had actually changed: there was still starvation in the cities, the peasants had no land, working conditions hadnt improved, but had worsened, inflation was still a major problem and the common people of Russia (the peasants and urban workers) were still denied a say. A factor that contributed to the Bolsheviks taking power in November 1917 was something that could not be controlled: luck. Lenin and the Bolsheviks by far did not have a perfect plan on how to take power. They were lucky on three prominent occasions. The first was that Lenin decided not to seize power in July shortly after the July Days riots that took place in the major cities of Russia. The people asked him to lead the way to a fresh revolution as he called it, but he refused, as at that time the Bolshevik party was still a very small minority in the Petrograd Soviet (which was the most influential Soviet in Russia), as he would be taking power for the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries. This refusion of power at that time was very risky tactics by Lenin, as he didnt know if he would have another chance to try and take power again in the future. The second prominent example of luck was the taking place of Kornilovs Revolt. Kornilov was a general who was fighting on the front. He was a keen supporter of the Tsar and the Tsarist system in the whole, and thought that the Provisional Government was doing a bad job of ruling over Russia. He thought that if he could get rid of the Provisional Government somehow, then the Tsar might be re-instated as the rightful leader of Russia. Kornilov planned to March his army to Petrograd and retake power by forceful means if necessary. When the Provisional Government heard about his plans, they began to panic, as they had never faced a situation remotely similar to this in the past. As they had no force of their own present in Petrograd at that time, they turned to Lenin to see if he and his personal army made up of Bolsheviks (the Red Guard) would protect Petrograd from the oncoming army. The Provisional Government said that they would give all the weapons of Petrograd to the Red Guard if they would protect the capital. Lenin jumped at this opportunity when it arose, as he knew that the Provisional Government were making a huge mistake. When Kornilovs army did reach Petrograd, they mutinied and joined the Red Guard. Now the Red Guard had the weapons of Petrograd, and were firmly in control of the situation. This was pure luck by the Bolsheviks, as they did not know if Kornilov was going to revolt in the future when Lenin refused power previously in July, but by chance the circumstances became favourable for him. From the evidence I have given, I conclude that the Bolsheviks were able to take over from the Provisional Government in November 1917, because they had had a great leader in the form of Lenin, who had impeccable timing, motivating policies and propaganda and a unique ideology of what to do with Russia. They were also able to exploit the mistakes made by the Provisional Government, and an element of luck had play in their seizure of power. The Bolsheviks unique ideology was that they should end the war, while the rest of the newly formed political parties wanted to carry on with the war effort for the same reasons as the Provisional Government did, and that was because they didnt want to be seen as cowards. The Bolsheviks knew what the people wanted, and stimulated them accordingly with the use of some crowd-pleasing policies and propaganda. The Bolsheviks leader Lenins astute timing of the day to seize power, the day prior to the meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets. Luck did have a part to play in this seizure of power, and without it, the All Russian Congress of Soviets would probably have become the legitimate controlling body of Russia, but circumstances played into the hands of the Bolsheviks. The aggressive political tactics of the Bolsheviks: the idea that you had to go out and create a revolution did eventually pay off, as if they had done what the Mensheviks had done, then the revolution would never have taken place, and Russia would be ruled by another body. The prime reason for success was the masterminding and swaying of public thought, courtesy of the Bolshevik leader, Lenin.

Business Ethics Essay -- essays research papers fc

Introduction Background The literature being studied is an article written by Hellen O’ Sullivan, the Director of Scientific Methods Australia. The article entitled â€Å"Business ethics are set to set to stage a comeback† was published on the 75th page of The Australian Financial Review on the 6th February 1990. Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basically, the article discussed several important issues about business ethics. One of the most prominent was the remark she made about business ethics making a comeback. The conclusion was made upon the fact that business ethics are becoming more and more popular among business practitioners as the era of ‘Me-generation’, and its obsession with greed and profit at any cost draws to a close.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides that, another notable issue addressed was the positive correlation between business ethics and corporate performance. She suggested that recent corporate failures resulted from a singularly motivated strategy of making profits. She also noted that the 1990’s avalanche of corporate collapse could be all attributed directly or indirectly to the decline in business ethics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third issue raised was the role of managers or business leaders to actually uphold business ethics. She suggested that the formulation of a sound ethical code of practice should be a part of every company’s strategy and that it is the first responsibility of every business leadership. Procedures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have made a research regarding the issues identified in the literature mainly through a computer-assisted research service - LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe at http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe. From this particular research I have gathered altogether sixteen (16) articles. These articles are published in various journals, namely The Economist, Harvard Business Review, Time, Newsweek, Information Week, Accounting Age, PR Week, Business Mexico, The National Journal, Fleet Owner as well as Malaysian Business. All these articles are written by reputable authors, who are either academician or practitioners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides that, I also did some library research. From here, I have chosen two (2) books on Strategic Management, which have sections and topics relevant to the issues addressed in the main literature. ... ...R., PR Week, 11th December. 8) George, T., (2001), Managers, Staff Differ (Slightly) on Ethics, Information Week, 19 February, pp. 140. 9) Harvard Business Review (1996), The Culture and Ethics of Software Privacy, September/October, pp. 52 10) Harvard Business Review, (1996), Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home., September/October, pp. 48. 11) Hill, C. W. L. & Jones G. R. (1998), Strategic Management; An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed., Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, New York 12) Klien, R., (2001), Torn Between Profit and Purity, The Times Educational Supplement, 16th March, pp. 22. 13) Malaysian Business, (1997), Eliminating the Parasites, 16th January, pp. 1 14) The Economist (1999), US Edition, Sweatshop wars, 14th February, pp. 62 15) The Economist, (2000), US Edition., Doing Well by Doing Good., 22nd April. 16) Wallace, B., (2001), Cell Phones Trigger Litigation Risks and Ethical Choices, Information Week, 19th February. 17) Wheelen, T. L. & Hunger, J. D., (1995), Strategic Management & Business Policy., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. 18) Zaino, J., (2001), Companies Give Back to Their Communities, Information Week, 12th March, pp. 163.

Important People in My Life

Missouri DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE Driver Guide In memory of those who have given their lives in the line of duty on Missouri roads. Revised August 2011 Table of Contents Chapter 1 — The Missouri Driver License and the Graduated Driver License Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 8 †¢ Types of Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 †¢ Types of Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 †¢ Requirements to Obtain Your License or Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 †¢ Required Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 †¢ Social Security Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 †¢ Fees for Permits/Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 †¢ Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 †¢ Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 †¢ Renewing a License or Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 †¢ Other Information About Your Driver License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 †¢ Suspension/Revocation of Your License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 †¢ The Graduated Driver License (GDL) Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 †¢ Step One: Instruction Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 †¢ Step Two: Intermediate License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 †¢ Step Three: Full (Under 21) License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 †¢ A Checklist for You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2 — The D river Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 23 †¢ The Driver Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 †¢ Where to Take the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Proof of Name and Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Written Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 †¢ Vision Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 †¢ Road Sign Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 †¢ Driving Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 †¢ Your Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 †¢ Failing the Driving Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 †¢ Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3 — Pavement Markings, Traffic Signs, Lights, and Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 28 †¢ Pavement Markings on the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Meanings of Pavement Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Direction of Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ No Passing Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 †¢ Left-Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 †¢ Crosswalks and Stop Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 †¢ Dual Use Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 †¢ Reversible Express Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 †¢ Shared Center Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ No Lane Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Traffic Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Traffic Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Flashing Light Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Traffic Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lane Use Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Traffic Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Sign Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Regulatory Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Stop Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Yield Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Wrong Way Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Do Not Enter Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Lane Control Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Speed Limit Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Railroad Crossing Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Work Zone Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Guide Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Service Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Route Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Emergency Reference Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Roundabout Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Chapter 4 — Rules of the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 43 †¢ Right-Of-Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 †¢ Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 †¢ Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 †¢ Emergency Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 †¢ School Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 †¢ Hand and Vehicle Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 †¢ Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 †¢ U-Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Right Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 †¢ Left Turn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ One-Way Street Onto a Two-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Two-Way Street Onto a One-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 †¢ Two-Way Street Onto a Two-Way Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 †¢ Multiple Left Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 †¢ Two-Way Left Turn Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 †¢ Roundabout Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 †¢ City/County Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 5 — Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 49 †¢ No-Parking Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ When Can You Park in Handicapped Parking Spaces? . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 International Symbol of Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Parking on Hills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Parallel Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Chapter 6 — Highway Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 52 †¢ Drive in the Proper Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 †¢ Controlling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 †¢ Passing on Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 †¢ Being Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Adjusting to Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Be Aware of the Traffic Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Slow Moving Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 †¢ Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 †¢ Controlled Access Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 †¢ Entering the Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 †¢ Leaving the Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 †¢ Interchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 †¢ Watch out for â€Å"Highway Hypnosis† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 †¢ Stop Driving When You Feel Sleepy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 †¢ Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Chapter 7 — Sharing The Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 57 †¢ Sharing the Road with Motorcycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 †¢ Sharing the Road with Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 †¢ Sharing the Road with Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 †¢ Sharing the Road with Mopeds and Bicycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 †¢ Funeral Processions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 †¢ Road Rage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 †¢ Drunk Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 †¢ About Littering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Chapter 8 — Safe Driving Tips For Everyday Driving . . . . . . . . Page 65 †¢ Use Seat Belts and Child Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Seat Belts — It's the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Child Passenger Restraint Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 †¢ Age/Weight/Height Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 †¢ Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Proper Posture While Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 †¢ Following Other Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Three Second Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Space Behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 †¢ Space to the Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 †¢ Stopping Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Average Stopping Distance of Cars on Dry Level Pavement . . . . . . . . . 68 Letting Others Know What You are Doing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Signal When You Change Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Using Your Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Slow Poke Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Chapter 9 — Safe Driving Tips For Special Driving Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 71 †¢ Night Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 †¢ Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 †¢ Wet Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 †¢ Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Skidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 †¢ Handling Vehicle Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Chapter 10 — Be in Shape to Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 76 †¢ Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving †¢ Administrative Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 †¢ Court Convicted Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 †¢ Missouri’s Abuse and Lose Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 †¢ Minor in Possession (MIP) and Other Alcohol Offenses . . . . . . . . . .79 †¢ Proof of Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 †¢ Refusal to Submit to a Chemical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 †¢ Ignition Interlock and Reinstatement Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Chapter 11 — The Point System and How It Affects You . . . . . .Page 81 †¢ Racking Up Points: The Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 †¢ How Points Come Off Your Driving Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Other Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Driving While Suspended or Revoked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 †¢ Failure to Appear in Court (FACT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Chapter 12 — Vehicle Titling and Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 84 †¢ Titling Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 †¢ What You Need to Get a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 †¢ Vehicles Bought in Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 †¢ Vehicles Bought Out-of-State (not in Missouri) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 â⠂¬ ¢ Properly Assigned Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 †¢ Salvage Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 †¢ Odometer Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 †¢ Registering Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 †¢ What You Need to Register Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 †¢ Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Selling a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Stolen License Plates and Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Lost or Destroyed Title, Plates, or Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 4 †¢ Missouri License Plate Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 †¢ Personalized Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Chapter 13 — Mandatory Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 88 †¢ The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 †¢ Minimum Coverage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 †¢ Maintaining Your Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 †¢ Failure to Keep Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 †¢ Failure to Pay for Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 †¢ Accidents and Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 †¢ Filing an Accident Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Chapter 14 — Safety and Emissions Inspections and Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 92 †¢ Safety Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 †¢ Exceptions to the Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 †¢ Equipment Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 †¢ Other Equipment Required by Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 †¢ Emissions Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 †¢ Exceptions to the Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Chapter 15 — Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 96 †¢ Size Limitations (Without Special Permit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 †¢ Exemptions From Size Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Weight Limitations (Without Special Permit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 †¢ Maximum Weight on Any Single Axle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Maximum Weight on Any Tandem Axle. †¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 †¢ Maximum Gross Weight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Overdimension and Overweight Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Vehicle Route Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 †¢ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Reg ulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 †¢ Transporting Hazardous Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 †¢ Emergency Equipment and Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 †¢ Information on Commercial Motor Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 †¢ Following Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 †¢ Railroad Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 †¢ Load Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Off-Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Weigh Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 †¢ Tailgaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 †¢ Space Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 5 †¢ Soft Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 †¢ Space to Cross or Enter Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Sample Test Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Page 102 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 109 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 112 Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 115 NOTE: The state motor vehicle laws described in this manual are not reproduced in their entirety and the wording is not identical. Due to possible federal and state law changes and Department of Revenue (department) policy, the information in this manual may not always be current. The department will make every effort to incorporate any changes as soon as possible.The Missouri Driver Guide is published by the Missouri Department of Revenue. Revised August 2011 6 Carefully studying the Missouri Driver Guide will increase your driving confidence and broaden your knowledge of Missouri traffic laws. The more knowledge you have, the safer you are! To test your knowledge of traffic laws, you will need to take a written test of 25 multiple-choice questions. Studying this guide will prepare you for that test. You must correctly answer 20 questions to pass the test. All of the test questions come directly from information found in this guide. There are no â€Å"trick† questions.To test your ability to drive a vehicle, you must take a driving skills test. Your examiner realizes a driving test will probably be an unusual experience for you, and you might even become nervous or uneasy. If you do be come nervous or fearful, please remember your examiner has accompanied many other people exactly like you, and the examiner rides with you only to make sure you can control your vehicle and observe the rules of safety. Your examiner will not try to trick you in any way. Remember that thousands of people pass this test every year and become licensed drivers. If they can do it, so can you! Just relax and do the best you can.We would like to hear your comments and questions about the material included in this manual: Address: Driver License Bureau P. O. Box 200 Jefferson City, MO 65105-0200 Telephone: (573) 751-2730 Fax: (573) 522-8174 E-Mail: [email  protected] mo. gov Web Site: www. dor. mo. gov The names and telephone numbers of other related agencies and offices are located inside the back cover of this guide. If you need a Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual or Motorcycle Operator Manual, you may request one from the Missouri State Highway Patrol, or any Motor Vehicle and Driver Licensing Contract Office (contract office).The Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual and the Motorcycle Operator Manual are also posted on our web site: www. dor. mo. gov. 7 CHAPTER 1 — THE MISSOURI DRIVER LICENSE Anyone who operates a motor vehicle or motor-driven cycle on public roadways in Missouri is required to have a valid driver license. You may obtain a Missouri driver license at any one of Missouri’s 183 license offices. You must have a Missouri driver license if: †¢ You live in Missouri, are 16 years of age or older, and plan to drive. †¢ You are a new resident of Missouri and want to drive, even if you have a driver license from another state. You are an out-of-state commercial driver who has moved to Missouri within the last 30 days. (Please refer to the Missouri Commercial Driver License Manual. ) Certain persons are not required to obtain a Missouri driver license. You do not need a Missouri driver license if: †¢ You are a membe r of the armed forces and you have a valid driver license from your home state. †¢ You are a full-time student and you have a valid driver license from your home state. †¢ You operate or temporarily operate/move any farm tractor or implement on a highway for agri-related purposes.You are required to carry your driver license or permit when you drive. If any law enforcement officer asks to see your driver license or permit, you must present it. It is against the law for you to allow anyone else to use your license or permit. TIP! Anyone obtaining a new license or permit or renewing a license or permit is required to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number, and Missouri residential address. These requirements are explained in detail later in this chapter. TYPES OF PERMITS If you are under 21 years of age, you will be issued a permit identifying you as a minor.Instruction Permit — Eligible Age: 15 This is the first step in Misso uri's Graduated Driver License Program for young drivers. Generally, this permit allows a young person to learn to drive with the supervision of a licensed adult. See later in this chapter for detailed information. Motorcycle Instruction Permit — Eligible Age: 15? or 16 You may apply for a motorcycle instruction permit to learn to operate a motorcycle or motortricycle. The age you are eligible to apply may be 15? or 16 years, as described below. †¢ 15? years of age (15 years and 182 days)The Motorcycle Instruction Permit will only be issued if you have successfully completed an approved motorcycle rider training course. 8 You must pass the Class F and Class M written, vision, and road sign tests. You must also have the written consent of your parent or legal guardian. This permit allows daylight driving only, within a 50-mile radius of home, a motorcycle of no larger than 250 cc, and no passengers. †¢ 16 years of age or older If you are 16 years old or older you may apply for a motorcycle instruction permit, but the motorcycle rider training course is not required.If you do not have a valid driver license, you must take the Class F and Class M written tests to receive a motorcycle instruction permit. When you are ready, you may take the motorcycle driving test and pay the appropriate fee to become motorcycle qualified. For more information on Missouri’s laws on motorcycles, please obtain a copy of the Motorcycle Operator Manual at the Missouri Highway Patrol testing station or at one of our license offices. TYPES OF LICENSES If you are under 21 years of age, you will be issued a license identifying you as a minor.When you reach age 21, you may apply and pay for another driver license (without the minor indication) or wait until your under-21 license expires. Intermediate License (Class F) — Eligible Age: 16 This is the second step in Missouri's Graduated Driver License program for young drivers. Generally, this license allows a y oung person certain restricted driving privileges. See later in this chapter for detailed information. Full Driver License (Class F) — Eligible Age: 18 This is the basic driver license, also called an operator license.You must have a Class F license to operate any motor vehicle (other than one requiring you to have a Class A, B, C, or E license. ) The Class F license does not allow you to drive a motorcycle unless the license shows the Motorcycle (M) endorsement. Endorsements will be discussed later in this chapter. You must pass the Class F written, vision, road sign, and driving tests. For-Hire License (Class E) — Eligible Age: 18 When you test for a Class E license, the written exam will include questions based on the complete driver guide, but mainly Chapter 15 (Commercial Driver Licenses).You must also pass the vision and road sign tests. If you already have a Class F license, a driving test is not required. However, you must still meet the â€Å"under 21 require ments† (see page 21) for a full license if you apply for a Class E license at age 18. There are a number of reasons you may wish to obtain a Class E license, such as: †¢ If you receive pay for driving a motor vehicle transporting 14 or fewer passengers (such as a driver for a day care center). †¢ If you will transport property for pay or as part of your job (such as a pizza or florist delivery driver). 9 If you regularly operate a motor vehicle for your employment which belongs to another person and is designed to carry freight and merchandise. The vehicle must be 26,000 pounds or less gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and not required to be placarded for hazardous materials. Motorcycle License (Class M) — Eligible Age: 16 You must have a Class M license or permit (or a driver license with the M endorsement) if you operate a motorcycle or motortricycle on public roadways. You will need to pass the Class F and Class M written, vision, road sign, and motorcycle skills tests.Graduated driver license requirements will apply to Class M license applicants between the ages of 16 and 18. See the Graduated Driver License requirements later in this chapter. For more information about Missouri’s motorcycle laws, please obtain a copy of the Motorcycle Operator Manual at the Missouri Highway Patrol testing station or at one of our license offices. Commercial Driver License (Class A, B, or C) You must have a commercial driver license based on the type of commercial motor vehicle you drive.You must be at least 18 years old to apply for a CDL, and at least 21 years old to obtain a CDL with a Hazmat or school bus endorsement. You must still meet the â€Å"under 21† requirements if you apply for a CDL at age 18. Please refer to the Missouri Commercial Driver License (CDL) Manual for detailed information about the CDL program. Nondriver License/Identification Card (Class ND) You may obtain a photo nondriver license for identification purpose s. Your nondriver license expires on your date of birth in the sixth year after you apply. If you are age 70 or older, your nondriver license will never expire.If you are applying for a nondriver license to add or retain a Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) endorsement, the nondriver license will expire on the same date as the CCW endorsement. This date is determined by calculating three years from the issue date of the Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualification issued by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee. REQUIREMENTS TO OBTAIN A LICENSE OR PERMIT Depending on your age, whether you are obtaining a new license or permit, if you are renewing one, or if you have just moved to Missouri, the requirements to obtain a license are slightly different. If you are a driver age 15 to 21, the Graduated Driver License (GDL) program applies to you. Please see the GDL section in this chapter for more information. You will need to show verification of name, date of birth,place of birth, social s ecurity number, and Missouri residential address (detailed in this chapter) to qualify. †¢ If you are a Missouri driver renewing a license, you must show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address. You will also surrender your previous license and take the vision and road sign tests. 10 If you are obtaining a new Missouri license, you must show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address . You will be required to take the four-part driver examination. The four-part exam consists of a written test, vision test, road sign test, and a driving skills test. (See Chapter 2 for more information. ) †¢ If you are new to Missouri and are transferring your out-of-state driver license, you will need to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address.You will also surrender the license from y our previous state of residence, and take the vision and road sign tests. †¢ You must take the four-part driver examination (detailed in Chapter 2) if any of the following apply to you: †¢ You are applying for a new Missouri driver license. †¢ Your Missouri driver license has been expired for more than 6 months (184 days). †¢ Your out-of-state license has been expired for more than 184 days. †¢ Your license was revoked because you have too many points (see Chapter 11) on your driving record or because of an Administrative Alcohol action (see Chapter 10). The Director of Revenue asks you to take the exam, even if you have a current driver license. Required Documents When you obtain or renew any license, permit, or nondriver license, you will be required to show verification of name, date of birth, place of birth, social security number and Missouri residential address, as required by Missouri law. If renewing, you will also be required to present and surrende r your current license, permit, or nondriver license. Details of these requirements are listed below. For more information, visit www. dor. mo. gov. †¢ Name, Date of Birth, Place of Birth: A U. S. itizen may show a birth certificate issued by a state or local government (with an embossed, stamped or raised seal), a valid or expired U. S. passport, a Certificate of Citizenship, Certificate of Naturalization, or a Certificate of Birth Abroad. A hospital-issued birth certificate is not acceptable. U. S. Military Indentification Card or Discharge Papers accompanied by a copy of U. S. Birth Certificate issued by a state or local Government. Non-U. S. citizens must present the appropriate immigration documents indicating the applicant’s status. Examine the full list of acceptable required documents at www. or. mo. gov/mvdl/drivers/idrequirements. pdf. Age 65 and Older Exemption — If you are renewing a non-commercial permit/driver license or nondriver license and are age 65 or older you are exempt from presenting documents for place of birth. †¢ Social Security Number: A Social Security card or Medicare card with your current name can be presented. If your name on the Social Security card or Medicare card does not match your current name, additional documents must be presented to supply verification of your name change. 11 †¢ Missouri Residential Address: You have a variety of options to prove your current address.Examples include a recent utility bill (including phone, electric, gas, water, sewer, and cable), property tax receipt, most recent bank statement, voter ID card, or any official letter issued within the last 30 days by another state or local governmental agency on its letterhead. A Missouri residential address will be required each time you apply to renew a driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit. If you are under the age of 21 and cannot provide verification of a Missouri residential address, a parent or legal guardian may provide such a document on your behalf. Resident address is the location at which a person has been physically present, and that the person regards as home. A residential address is a person’s true, fixed, principal, and permanent home, to which a person intends to return and remain, even though currently residing elsewhere. Social Security Number State law requires you to include your Social Security Number (SSN) on your application to obtain a license or permit. A license office employee may ask for proof of your SSN. Any one of the documents below are acceptable as proof of SSN: †¢ Social Security card – A metal card is not acceptable. Recent payroll stub containing the SSN. †¢ Military Identification Card containing the SSN. †¢ IRS/state tax forms – A Form W-2 is not acceptable. †¢ Financial statement, on company form/letterhead, containing the SSN. If you do not have a social security number, you must sign an affidavit stat ing that you do not have a social security number. If a social security number has not been assigned, you must present a letter from the Social Security Administration (SSA) regarding the status of your social security number. Your application and supporting documents will be sent to the central office for verification.Your permit or license will be issued if approved. Name Changes If the name on your required documents does not match your current name, present one of the documents below showing your correct/current name. †¢ Last Name Change – certified marriage certificate, certified divorce decree, certified court order, certified adoption papers, or amended birth certificate, U. S. passport, or social security card or medicare card. †¢ First Name Change – court order or adoption papers †¢ Middle Name Change – court order. TIP! Make sure you have all the necessary documents with you before you go to your license office.It will save you time and the time of your fellow customers! FEES FOR PERMITS Fees for and duration of a permit are based on the applicant’s age at the time of the transaction. Application test fees are not included. 12 NEW / RENEWAL PERMIT TYPE MINIMUM AGE COST VALID FOR†¦ Student Permit 15 $1. 00 Length of Approved Course Instruction Permit 15 $3. 50 0–12 months Motorcycle Permit 15 1/2 or 16 $6. 25 or $3. 50 0–6 months 18 $7. 50 0–6 months Commercial Driver License (CDL) Permit FEES FOR LICENSES Fees and duration of license are based on the applicant’s age at the time of the transaction.Application test fees are not included. NEW / RENEWAL LICENSE MINIMUM AGE COST Intermediate License 16 $7. 50 0–2 years Full License (Class F) 18 $10. 00 or $20. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* For-Hire License (Class E) 18 $17. 50 or $35. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* TYPE Age 70 with school bus endorsement New: $7. 50 Renewal: $2. 50 Commercial Driver L icense (Class A, B, or C) 18 $22. 50 or $45. 00 VALID FOR†¦ 0–1 year 0–3 years* or 0–6 years* Age 70 with school bus endorsement New: $10. 00 Renewal: $2. 50 0–1 year 16 $10. 00 or $20. 00 0–3 years* or 0–6 years any age $11. 00 0–6 years* or Non-Expiring*Nondriver License (ID card) 21 with Concealed Carry and over Weapon Endorsement (CCW) $5. 50 0–3 years Expiring on same date as CCW Motorcycle Only License (Class M) Nondriver License (ID card) *Based on the applicant’s age or document verification status at the time of the transaction. 13 RESTRICTIONS If you have limited driving experience or a medical condition that impairs your ability to drive safely, you may receive a restricted license permitting you to drive only under specific conditions. If you have a restricted license, it will have one or more of the restriction codes shown below.You may be required to take a driving test in order to have a restriction r emoved from your license. If you disobey the restriction(s), you can be charged with driving without a license, and if convicted, points will be placed on your driving record. If you receive too many points (see Chapter 11), your license may be suspended or revoked. RESTRICTION CODES A B C D E F G H I J K L Corrective Lenses Outside Rearview Mirror Daylight Driving Only Auto Trans/Power Steering Seat Cushion Restricted to 45 MPH 25 Mile Radius Special Hand Devices Intermediate License Electrical Turn Signals Intrastate CDL Only Non-airbrake CDL M N O P R T U W YZ Extension on Foot Device Leg Brace(s) Foot Operated Emergency Brake Accelerator on Steering Column Back Cushion Right Outside Mirror Uncoded Restriction* 3-Wheel Motorcycle Only Left Outside Mirror More than 5 Restrictions *An uncoded restriction is any restriction not listed here. Any law enforcement officer, judge, or physician can ask the Department of Revenue to place restrictions on your license. Medical Referral There are two reasons you may need a physician's statement when you renew or apply for a license: †¢ You have had epileptic seizures, convulsions, or blackouts within the 6 months prior to your application for a license. A driver examiner, license clerk, family member, law enforcement officer, or physician believes you may have some other medical condition that would make you an unsafe driver. This person must complete the Driver Condition Report (Form 4319) and submit it to the Department of Revenue. ENDORSEMENTS Endorsements are just the opposite of restrictions because they qualify you to do things you couldn't do without the endorsement, such as drive a school bus or carry a concealed weapon. The endorsements available for your noncommercial (class F, E, or M) Missouri driver license are listed below. School Bus (S) endorsement — A school bus endorsement is required for anyone transporting students from school to home, home to school, and to and from school-sponsored even ts. A school bus endorsement may be issued to drivers age 21 or older who hold a Class E (For-Hire) license or 14 a commercial license with a Passenger (P) endorsement. A school bus endorsement can be suspended for one year if a person fails to pass any drug, alcohol, or chemical test administered in accordance with any federal or state law, rule, or regulation regarding the operation of a school bus. Missouri law has special operating regulations for school buses.If you need more information on school buses, contact: Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Division of Administrative and Financial Services — School Transportation, e-mail: [email  protected] dese. mo. gov; phone: (573) 751-0357; fax: (573) 526-6898. †¢ Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) Endorsement — To obtain a CCW endorsement on a driver license and/or a nondriver license, you must be at least 21 years of age and present to the license clerk a Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualifi cation issued by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in your Missouri county based on your residential address within seven days of issuance.A driver license with a CCW endorsement will have an expiration date that is different from the expiration date of the CCW. The CCW expiration date will be indicated separately on the face of the driver license. You must remember to renew your CCW endorsement and apply for an updated driver license to reflect the renewed qualification. A nondriver license with a CCW endorsement will be issued with an expiration date that will be the same as the expiration date of the CCW endorsement. The date is defined as three years from the issue date of the CCW Certificate of Qualification as posted by the sheriff or sheriff’s designee.The dates will be reflected separately on the face of the nondriver license If your driver or nondriver license with a CCW endorsement is lost, destroyed, or stolen, you must present to the license clerk a re-issu ed Concealed Carry Certificate of Qualification from the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in the county you reside in containing the original issue date, unless you are due for renewal, and a new control number. If you hold a driver and/or nondriver license with a CCW endorsement, you must notify the sheriff or sheriff’s designee and the Department of Revenue of any change in address.If your county has changed, you must notify the sheriff or sheriff’s designee in both your previous county and your new county. †¢ Additional endorsements are available if you have a Commercial Driver License. For more information, please see the Commercial Driver License Manual, available from the Missouri State Highway Patrol, license offices, or our web site at www. dor. mo. gov. RENEWING A LICENSE OR PERMIT Renewal Reminders The department will mail you a reminder to renew before your license expires. The reminder will be sent to the mailing address on your driver record.When you move, you may update your address in one of the following ways: 15 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Complete an address change at your local license office; On-line at www. dor. mo. gov; Send an e-mail to [email  protected] mo. gov; or Send a written notice with your new address to the Driver License Bureau, P. O. Box 200, Jefferson City, MO 65105-0200. Your reminder will state the fee required to renew your license. You can renew your license up to 6 months before it expires. Each time you renew, you will be required to take the vision and road sign test.It is your responsibility to renew your driver license, even if you do not receive your reminder. Failure to renew promptly may cause you to have to retake the written and driving tests. You can be ticketed for driving without a valid license. Exception: If you will be leaving the state/country for an extended time you may request an early renewal of your driver license at your local license office. A driver license may be val id for up to 6 years. If you allow it to expire, you must not drive. If you would like to continue driving uninterrupted, you must renew your license before it expires.If you do not renew your license within 6 months (or 184 days) after its expiration date, you will have to take the written and driving tests (see Chapter 2), in addition to the vision and road sign tests. License offices are usually busiest at the end of each month. Since you may renew your license up to 6 months (184 days) before it expires, you are encouraged to select a time to avoid the longer lines. If the renewal dates for your driver license and motor vehicle registration renewal are within 6 months, you may be able to complete both renewals at the same time and save yourself a trip later to the license office.Renewal by Mail for Active Duty Members of the Armed Forces Missouri allows renewal by mail for members of the armed forces and their dependents. Applicants should submit renewal form 4317 (available on- line at http://dor. mo. gov/forms/index. php, or faxed upon request), along with required documents and fees. Missouri allows a renewal without re-examination for members of the armed forces whose license has expired while out of state, for up to six months from honorable discharge or within ninety days of reestablishing residency in Missouri, whichever occurs first.The expired Missouri license and discharge papers must be submitted at the time of application in addition to other applicable renewal documents. The expired license is not valid for driving. These provisions only waive re-examination and do not extend the actual driving privileges beyond the expiration date. Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed License If your license expires or is lost or stolen while you are out of state, you may request a Mail-In License Application by phone at (573) 751-4600 or download the form (DOR-4317) at our web site at www. dor. mo. gov. If your license is lost, stolen, or destroyed, you must apply for a duplicate license.If your current license expires within the next 6 months, you may renew your license early rather than obtain a duplicate license. This saves you time and money. 16 16 Renewing When Your License is Suspended or Revoked You may take the vision and road sign tests and renew your license even while your driving privilege is suspended. However, if your driving privilege has been revoked, you may only renew your license during the revocation if it resulted from your refusal to take a chemical test, from an â€Å"abuse and lose† court order, or a minor in possession action.You will not receive your license back until you have completed your reinstatement requirements and your driving privilege has been reinstated. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR DRIVER LICENSE †¢ Organ, Eye and Tissue Donor Information When you apply for a new, renewal, or duplicate instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, the contract office will provide information regarding the firs t person consent organ, eye and tissue donor registry. You will be asked two very important questions at the time you make your application. . â€Å"Do you authorize a symbol to be placed on your license indicating your consent to be listed as an organ, eye and tissue donor in the donor registry? † If you say â€Å"yes†, a red heart with a green banner will appear on the front of your instruction permit, driver, or nondriver license. Your name will automatically be added to the Missouri Organ and Tissue Donor Registry managed by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services or their agent. The registry is on a secure, confidential database.Joining the registry means you have legally documented your decision to save lives by becoming an organ and tissue donor at the time of your death – no further consent is needed – relieving your family of making that decision on your behalf. There is no fee to place the symbol on your instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, or place your name in the registry. You may obtain more information regarding the donor registry or register your decision and enroll on-line at www. missouriorgandonor. com 2. â€Å"Would you like to contribute a dollar to the Missouri Organ Donor Fund? †Another way to support organ and tissue donation is to make a voluntary contribution to the Missouri Organ Donor Fund. Your contribution to the fund directly supports registry operation and public education so that people are empowered to make an informed decision about donation. The registry and educational efforts are supported by contributions only. On the back of your instruction permit, driver or nondriver license, space is provided to designate any organs you want to donate at the time of your death, in other words, an anatomical gift. Write the organ(s) you want to donate and sign and date in front of two witnesses.They too must sign. There is also a place on the back of the license to indicate y our Attorney in Fact for health care decisions, including organ donation. An Attorney in Fact is someone to whom you give permission to act on your behalf. Use a permanent marker when completing the back of your driver and nondriver license. 17 You are strongly encouraged to inform your family of your decision to be an organ, eye, and tissue donor and your decision related to Attorney in Fact. Although Missouri law does not require it, keeping everyone informed will help avoid confusion or delays. The back of your license also includes areas for you to write your blood type and allergic reactions to medicines. If you are in an accident, this information could help medical personnel save your life. †¢ Blind Awareness Fund State law requires the clerk to ask you if you would like to donate $1 to the blind awareness fund when you apply for a license, permit, or non-driver license. †¢ â€Å"J88† Notation for Deaf or Hard of Hearing Applicants When you apply for or renew your driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit, you may ask that a â€Å"J88† notation be placed on your driver license, nondriver license, or instruction permit.In the event of an emergency, this notation will allow law enforcement or emergency and medical personnel to readily determine if you are deaf or hard of hearing. This will assist in ensuring effective communications with someone who is injured and nonresponsive. In order to obtain the â€Å"J88† notation, you must request the notation when applying for a license or instruction permit. You must have one of the following documents if you wish to have the â€Å"J88† notation placed on your license or permit: †¢ A medical statement from a licensed medical professional, which verifies your level of hearing loss. A certified affidavit — The affidavit form (DOR-4942) can be obtained from any license office. †¢ A statement from an approved or authorized agency listed below, whi ch verifies your level of hearing loss. Agencies or programs authorized to provide documentation that a license or instruction permit applicant is deaf or hearing impaired shall include but not be limited to the following: †¢ The Missouri Commission for the Deaf †¢ Social Security Administration †¢ A vocational rehabilitation program †¢ A federal, state, or county department of health †¢ An Independent Living CenterThe Director of Revenue shall have authorization to review and determine acceptability of any documentation from an agency or program not listed. †¢ Boater Safety Indicator If you are a resident of Missouri who has complied with the provisions of section 306. 127, RSMo and possess a current Boating Safety Education Card issued by the Missouri State Highway Patrol, you may request to obtain a boater identification indicator on your driver license or nondriver license. The Missouri State Highway Patrol will accept the indicator on a valid drive r license or nondriver license in lieu of carrying the separate Boating Safety Education Card.You must request the new indicator and present your valid Boating Safety Education Card at the time of application for a new, renewal or duplicate transaction. There will be an additional cost of $1. 00 added to standard processing fees when the boater identification indicator is initially added to a driver license or nondriver license document. 18 †¢ Permanent Disability Indicator If you are a resident of Missouri who is permanently disabled you may request to have a permanent disability indicator placed on the back of your driver license or nondriver license at the time of application for a new, renewal or duplicate transaction.To be eligible for the indicator you must submit a Form 5294 Physicians Statement – Permanent Disability Indicator completed and signed by your physician, physical therapist, occupational therapist licensed under Chapter 334, RSMo, or other authorized h ealthcare practitioner. There will be no additional cost to add the indicator. The standard new, renewal, or duplicate transaction and processing fees will apply. You are not required by law to obtain a permanent disability indicator on your driver license or non-driver license. The indicator is not a determination of eligibility or public benefits. Driver's Privacy Protection Act (DPPA) The Federal Driver's Privacy Protection Act requires all states to close the personal information contained on all motor vehicle, driver and nondriver license records, unless otherwise directed by state law. Under Missouri law, a person or entity may access the personal information if exempt under the DPPA (and have submitted Form 4678 — Request for Security Access Code) or have obtained express consent from the record holder (Form 4681 Request from Record Holder). †¢ Voter Registration When you apply for or renew your driver license, nondriver license, or nstruction permit, the clerk wi ll ask you if you are registered to vote. If you indicate that you are registered to vote, your transaction will be completed. If you are not registered, and are interested in becoming registered, or need to update your name or address on your voter registration card, you may complete an application and it will be forwarded to your local election authority. †¢ Selective Service Registration Male applicants, age 18 to 26, may register with the Selective Service at the time of their license or permit application.SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF YOUR LICENSE There are a number of reasons your license may be revoked or suspended or denied. Your best bet is to be responsible and be a good driver. You can lose your license for any of the following reasons: †¢ Parent or Guardian Request to Deny a Driver License — If you are under the age 18, your parent or guardian may request that the Director of Revenue deny you a license. If you already have a driver license, the request (Fo rm 4811) will cancel your license. When the department receives the request, a denial will be placed on your driving record.The denial expires when you turn 18 or when your parent or guardian requests your driving status be cleared. Form 4811 may be found on the department's web site at www. dor. mo. gov or at any license office. †¢ Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (see Chapter 10) †¢ Refusing to let a police officer test you for alcohol or drugs †¢ Leaving the scene of an accident †¢ Failing to file an accident report (see Chapter 13) †¢ Giving false information when you apply for a license †¢ Failing to settle a court judgment made against you for damages resulting from a motor vehicle accident 9 †¢ Failing to keep insurance (financial responsibility) (see Chapter 13) †¢ Changing the information on your license or using someone else’s license when you attempt to buy alcohol †¢ Failing to appear for an exam when req uested by the Driver License Bureau †¢ Using a motor vehicle to commit a felony or causing the death of someone in a motor vehicle accident †¢ Having too many points on your driving record (see Chapter 11) †¢ Letting someone else use your driver license †¢ Failing to appear in court or pay traffic tickets in Missouri or other states †¢ Failing to pay child support Failing to use an ignition interlock device when required †¢ Stealing fuel from a gas station †¢ Possessing any intoxicating liquor if you are a minor †¢ Submitting false proof of insurance †¢ Failing to yield the right-of-way and causing injury or death THE GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSE (GDL) LAW Missouri's Graduated Driver License Law requires all first-time drivers to obtain an instruction permit and complete a period of driving with a licensed driver followed by a period of restricted driving (intermediate license) before getting a full license.Studies from across the country sho w that deaths and serious injuries from traffic crashes involving young drivers decline by as much as 58 percent after a Graduated Driver License Law is implemented. Consider the instruction permit as step one, the intermediate license as step two, and the full (Under 21) driver license as step three. The following are descriptions of each step to help you understand the GDL program. STEP ONE: Instruction Permit Eligible Age: 15 Cost: $3. 50 Valid: 0-12 months, based on document verification status To Obtain an Instruction Permit: Pass the vision, road sign, and written tests. †¢ A parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program) must accompany you to the license office to sign a permission statement. Permit Notes: †¢ Under age 16, you may drive only when accompanied in the front seat by a parent, stepparent, grandparent, legal guardian, or qualified driving instructor. If your parent, stepparent, grandparent, or le gal guardian is physically disabled, he or she may designate up to two persons to accompany you in the vehicle to provide behind-the-wheel instruction. At age 16 or older, you may drive when accompanied in the front seat by a person who is at least 21 years old and has a valid driver license. †¢ Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers. †¢ Your test paper alone is not legal for driving. Be sure to carry your permit with you. †¢ You may renew your instruction permit as many times as needed without taking additional written tests. †¢ Free â€Å"PERMIT DRIVER† window signs are available at all license offices. 20 To Graduate to an Intermediate License: †¢ You must have an instruction permit for a minimum of 6 months (182 days) beginning the day after issuance. You must have received 40 hours of driving instruction with a parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program). The require d 40 hours must include at least 10 hours of nighttime driving. STEP TWO: Intermediate License Eligible Age: 16 to 18 Cost: $7. 50 Valid: 0-2 years, based on document verification status To Obtain an Intermediate License: †¢ You must satisfy the requirements (listed in Step One) to graduate from the instruction permit, and hold the instruction permit for at least 6 months (182 days) beginning the day after issuance.This includes having no alcohol-related convictions in the last 12 months and no traffic convictions in the last 6 months. †¢ A parent, stepparent, legal guardian, or certified trainer (with a federal residential job training program) must accompany you to the license office to verify you have received 40 hours of driving instruction with your instruction permit. †¢ Pass the vision, road sign, and written tests if previous results are more than one year old. †¢ Pass the driving test. License Notes: †¢ Your test paper alone is not legal for driving . Be sure to carry your intermediate license with you. Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers. †¢ Passenger restrictions outlined below may not be applicable to an intermediate license holder who is operating in agricultural work-related activities. Driving Restrictions: †¢ During the first 6 months, you may not operate a motor vehicle with more than one passenger who is under the age of 19 and who is not a member of your immediate family*. †¢ After the first 6 months, you may not operate a motor vehicle with more than three passengers who are under 19 years of age and who are not members of your immediate family*. †¢ You may not drive alone between 1:00 a. . and 5:00 a. m. except to and from a school activity, job, or an emergency, unless accompanied by a licensed driver 21 years of age or older. * Immediate family shall include parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, stepbrothers, stepsisters, and adopted or foster children residing in the d river's household. Parent shall include a foster parent, stepparent or adoptive parent. Grandparent shall include a foster grandparent, stepgrandparent or adoptive grandparent. To Graduate to a Full Under-21 Driver License: – Your driving privilege cannot be suspended, revoked, or denied at the time of application. You may not have any alcohol-related offenses or traffic convictions within the last 12 months. 21 Full Driver License (Under 21) Eligible Age: 18 Cost: $10. 00 Valid: 0-3 years, based on document verification status To Obtain the Under-21 Full Driver License: †¢ You must satisfy the requirements for an intermediate license. This includes having no alcohol-related convictions or traffic convictions in the last 12 months. †¢ Have a valid intermediate license. Your driving privilege cannot be suspended, revoked, or denied when you apply for a full driver license. Pass the vision and road sign recognition tests. (You are not required to pass the written and driving tests if already completed. ) If you are under 21 years of age, the Department of Revenue will issue you a license identifying you as a minor. When you become 21 years old, you may apply and pay for another driver license (without the minor indication) or wait until your under-21 driver license expires. A CHECKLIST FOR YOU  You must have the following documents with you when you apply for a Missouri driver license, instruction permit, or nondriver license.Take all the documents with you to a contract office when you apply for your licen

Rural Public Health Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Current State of the ProblemBackground: The population of rural Texas is about 3,060,392 which is about 8 % of the entire Texas population ( 25,145,561 ) . Harmonizing to the US nose count Bureau about 70.4 per centum of province ‘s population is white, 11.8 per centum is Afro-american, 3.8 per centum is Asiatic, and 37.6 per centum is Hispanic ( 2010 ) . There are about 4044 infirmaries in Texas and merely a mere 149 of them are located in rural countries ( 3 ) . Although the rural communities of Texas have 499 exigency medical bureaus and 303 accredited suppliers and 193 first respondent organisations but still about 21 counties are deprived of accredited exigency medical service organisation in their countries and merely 32 % ( 161 ) infirmaries are located in rural counties ( 10 ) . The rural countries are confronting a possible ruin with regard to exigency services. This public wellness issue is originating as a consequence of scarceness of exigency medical trained staff, unequal fiscal resources, outdated medical equipment usage and supply, geographic barriers, communicating spreads. The comparative hazard for decease from motor vehicle clang in rural countries is 15 times higher than urban countries, adjusted for gender, age and type of clang and 40 per centum higher hurt related deceases in rural countries than urban countries ( 6 ) . These statistics reflect the grade of demand of quality exigency attention services in rural countries. Physician Recruitment and Retention Problem: The 2001 study by the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners stated there are a sum of 196 rural Texas counties out of which 24 counties had no doctors, 22 had two doctors and 19 of them had merely one doctor. A study showed that the urban countries have 11 times higher figure of physician when compared to rural countries ( Texas State Board of Medical Examiners, 2003 ) . In rural Emergency Department, there are a greater figure of primary attention doctors on contract or impermanent doctors than exigency medical specialty trained doctors functioning merely a little community. Rural countries are confronting jobs such as most of Emergency medical managers are non trained in exigency medical specialty which worsens the state of affairs besides lead to staffing job. This is chiefly happening as a consequence of deficiency of fiscal resources and specialised doctors choosing to acquire employed in urban countries than rural communities. Other Problem is medical malpractice liability insurances in rural countries of Texas particularly in Rio Grande Grade Valley and the South Texas ( 4 ) . Trained Staff deficit: Rural Emergency services have deficit of EMS professionals and about one tierce of rural exigency medical forces voluntary. About 57 to 90 per centum voluntaries are first respondents in rural countries ( 4 ) . These voluntaries may non be available round the clock and are non to the full trained to manage complex instances. This forms a major challenge for EMS because most of them are non medical professionals ( 10 ) . If we compare counties on footing of advanced life support capableness so merely 5 counties have that installation and 22 counties have basic support organisations and 45 out of 131 counties have first respondent organisations ( 10 ) . It is difficult to supply exigency attention services for low volume population with unequal fiscal resources, deficiency of trained staff and basic medical equipment. Some EMS organisations still use manual defibrillators and are non equipped with all diagnostic machinery. Harmonizing to DHHS, Texas has 3106 lice nsed land ambulances out of the lone 22 % are for rural countries ( 10 ) .Geographic barriers:One of the most of import property that effects entree to wellness attention in rural countries is the big distance between abodes and services. The ability to transverse these distances becomes imperative in obtaining wellness attention. Most of the rural occupants refrain from seeking medical services because of the clip and money they have to pass in acquiring treated for a peculiar disease. Language Barrier: In South Texas peculiarly at U.S-Mexico cad part, linguistic communication barrier is another job faced by rural EMS. More than 20 percent population in rural Texas is bilingual and Spanish speech production population ( 10 ) . Resources Allocation Problem: Reason for less exigency medical professional are low wages, longer displacements, and geographic unavailability. The rural communities largely rely on the basic exigency service suppliers and voluntary first respondents. EMS is dearly-won in rural countries compare to urban countries because they cover larger country. They largely get low net income so hold to trust on unpaid staff. Since most of the first respondents work voluntary so they can non afford long distance travel for exigency. Trauma-Related Injuries and Deaths: Harmonizing to the Texas Department of Health ‘s Bureau of Emergency Management, in Texas about day-to-day 30 people die because of trauma-related hurts. Trauma is one of the taking cause of deceases among age groups 1 to 44yrs. 11,898 people died from hurt in Texas and in that 68.8 per centum were unwilled deceases ( 4 ) ( 2002 ) . From surveies, if terrible injured patient receive intervention from injury centre will hold better opportunity of endurance ( 2 ) . The above statistics reflect that injury are one of the major causes of deceases which call for immediate attending peculiarly in rural countries.Golden Hour and Response Time:‘Golden Hour ‘ is the term used for the first hr after incident happens. A patient receiving intervention within this first hr of incident has greater opportunities of endurance. A victim ‘s life would be jeopardized if the waiting clip is increased for more than 30 proceedingss. The rural cou ntries have mean response clip 18 proceedingss and for urban countries it is 8 proceedingss lesser than rural country ( 5 ) . A five twelvemonth survey in Arkansas rural county, 72 per centum deceases occur at scene because of delayed intervention. Response clip for urban country is 7 min. and for rural country its 13.6 proceedingss and so transit clip is 17.2 min and for urban its 8 proceedingss ( 11 ) . Most of deceases from injury in rural countries occur even before hospitalization. Harmonizing to Bureau of Emergency Management at Texas Department of Health, the preventable decease rate in rural countries is about 85 % higher in rural countries as compared to their urban opposite numbers. Harmonizing to Vermont and New York metropolis survey, the paediatric injury decease instances is twice in rural countries compared to urban countries ( 11 ) . The information of Texas Department of Health Bureau of Epidemiology ( Texas DSHS ) shows that rural countries have a response clip up to 2 hours and 16 proceedingss and conveyance clip to infirmary was 2 hours and 12 proceedingss. 157 of 254 counties of Texas have response clip of about 10 proceedingss and for 151 counties transport clip is greater than 20 proceedingss ( 2002 ) ( 10 ) . A study conducted by the National Highway Transportation Administration showed a important difference of 98 % in the response clip for exigency services between rural and urban countries ( 15 ) . This has been illustrated in the figure belowThe graph clearly indicates the trouble in accessing transit services and waiting clip in the rural infirmaries.Medicare and Medicaid:Other job is uninsured population ; about 25 per centum of Texas Population was uninsured in 2002 ( 4 ) . A bulk of rural occupants are financially weak and are less likely to hold insurance coverage than urban occupants. This suggests that the rural population will confront greater resource restraints in accessing attention. Rural occupants tend to hold lower incomes, and are normally freelance as husbandmans. Besides the concern houses in rural countries are smaller in size and the insurance benefits provided by the employers are less likely to cover the standard wellness attention services. Hence, it is more like ly that we can happen greater uninsured or underinsured population in these countries and when it comes to accessing medical services they have to pass a immense sum compared to urban population. Rural populations have more ageing population so they require more immediate and effectual exigency services. In 2001, Texas was top ranked for unsalaried attention to gross patient gross ( 4 ) .Equipment and installation Problems:From 2002 Texas Department of Health reported 61 Texas counties have no infirmaries, 105 had one infirmary and 26 counties had two infirmaries ( 4 ) . In 2002 Texas Hospital Association conducted Emergency Care Issues Survey and found that 72 % of rural installations had issues reassigning the patients and directing ambulances because of deficiency of beds. Harmonizing to Texas Department of Health, there are 131 trauma centres have basic Level IV installations in Texas State. Level IV injury is basic exigency service, normally they lack in equipment and trained staff. Most of accidents occur on rural roads because of high velocity, inefficient usage of place belts, intoxicant ingestion. The hold in reassigning the patients to infirmaries leads to complicat ions like pneumonia, sepsis and multi-organ failure. Since the rural exigency medical services have deficit of trained staff most of the rural exigency services are working over their capacity therefore endangering the quality of services.Review of Current Policies Affecting the SubjectFederal Policies:The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act was approved by U.S in 1986. This act ensures that the entree to exigency medical attention would non be dependent on individual ‘s economic ability ( 4 ) . With the execution of this Act many uninsured and underserved population got entree to exigency medical services. National Highway Safety Administration created the EMS to diminish traffic related deceases ( Mead, 1998 ) . The Highway Safety Act 4 was passed in the twelvemonth 1996 which resulted in the formation of EMS and in 1967 EMS began officially. After constitution of EMS, there was a important decrease in the mortality rate from injury related deceases. The rural countries are less dumbly populated and at long distance from the degree I and II injury installations. So Balance Budget Act ( BBA ) in 1997 modified the compensation policies by adding Medicare ambulance fee agenda and besides started Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Program to back up little infirmaries in rural communities to exchange into Critical Access Hospitals ( CAH ) ( 12 ) . CAH helped to beef up the EMS in rural countries. This was the attempt to better the quality, entree to exigency medical services to better rural wellness system. The Federal Office of Rural Health Policy ( FORHP ) Grant plan provides the resources to prolong the betterments to rural EMS systems ( 12 ) . National Association of State EMS Officials ( NASEMSO ) and National Organization of State Offices of Rural Health ( NOSORH ) formed Joint Committee on Rural Emergency Care in 2009 ( 13 ) . This commission serves to implement the policies to supply seasonably, low-cost and high quality exigency medical services in rural countries. Healthy people ( HP ) act 2010 was an enterprise which was developed to better the quality of wellness attention services and entree to exigency medical services in rural countries ( 11 ) . Texas is portion of federal plan for enlisting and keeping of medical professionals in Texas rural countries ( 4 ) . With all federal attempts there is range to better the EMS in rural Texas. But still increased attempts are needed to better the quality of EMS in rural countries. Other plans which are working to better the exigency attention services in rural countries are The Rural Health Care Services Outreach Grant Program, The Rural Health Network Development Grant Program, The Rural Health Network Development Planning Grant Program, The Small Rural Hospital Improvement Program, Grants for Policy-Oriented Rural Health Services Research, The Rural Health Research Grant Program, Public Access Defibrillation Demonstration Projects Grant Program, The Rural Emergency Medical Service Training and Equipment Assistance Program, The Rural Health Best Practices and Community Development Cooperative Agreement Program etc. ( 4 )State Policies:The 77th Legislature passed House Bill 7 in 2001 and formed Office of Rural Community Affairs. It provided funding for many plans to better entree to rural wellness attention. It provides fundss to plans like Critical Access Hospital Board Training Reimbursement, Critical Access Hospital Designation, Critical Access Hospital Feasibility Study Grant, Critical Access Hospital Feasibility Study Grant, Access to Emergency Dev ices Grants, Capital Improvement Loan Fund, Small Rural Hospital Improvement Program, Rural Communities Healthcare Investment Loan Reimbursement Program, Rural Physician Relief Program, Medically Underserved Community, Rural Recruitment and Retention Initiative, Outstanding Rural Scholar Recognition Program and Texas Health Service Corps Program. The 78th Texas legislative assembly passed an act in November 2002 to cover with jobs like unequal support issues, inaccessibility of EMS system and deficit of doctor ( 4 ) . There is no entirely federal and province plan for injury services. Both the federal and province authoritiess are working in a synchronism to supply grants for injury attention, EMS suppliers and first respondents to better and prolong the quality of EMS services in the rural countries. In 2003, new history for EMS was created in 78th Texas Legislature. A $ 100 mulct was imposed for poisoning related offenses and the money was deposited in this history ( 4 ) . Fifty per centum of that money is allocated for local Emergency Medical Services, no more than twenty per centum is for Rural Assistance Clinics for 22 TSAs, 27 per centum is for unsalaried injury attention installations and three per centum is for administrative cost for Bureau of Emergency Management ( 4 ) . State resources are non equal to for enlistin g and keeping of wellness attention professionals, better exigency medical equipment and keep the quality of EMS in rural countries of Texas. Most of federal and province rural wellness policies and plans rely on nose count Bureau information and bounds set by the OMB, ERS, agency, and HRSA for country of appellation such as urban and rural, metro and non tube or frontier ( 4 ) . The agency of Health Professional National Center for Health Workforce Analysis of Health Resources and Services Administration has criterions to sort certain geographic countries and population groups into a wellness professional deficit country ( HPSA ) or medically underserved country or Population ( MUA/MUP ) . Harmonizing to this study, Texas has 100 HPSA in non tube or frontier parts and in those 60 seven counties, 20 nine are population groups and three comprehensive wellness centres and one Rural Health Clinic ( 4 ) . As per the Bureau of Emergency Management has administered presently 131 as Level IV ( basic ) injury installations, 36 as Level III ( general ) injury installations, 9 as Level II ( major ) injury installations, and 12 installations designated, as degree I ( comprehensive ) injury installations, . In 1997 Senate Bill 102 approved the regular session, 75th Texas Legislature and provided the EMS/Trauma attention system impermanent fund. Permanent resources provided by 76th Texas Legislature for EMS, with the money from the baccy judicial proceeding colony ( 4 ) .Federal and State Programs:Plans like Statewide Rural Health Care System provided by Texas Department of Insurance to rural population aids in supplying insurance coverage for exigency attention. The School-based Health Centers plan is offered by Texas Department of Health for rural country where there is a lack of medical professionals. Besides Rural Emergency Medical Services Scholarship Incentive plan is provided by the Center for Rural Health Initiatives for rural countries holding a population of less than 50,000 which are non designated as metropolitan statistical country and they besides have community scholarship plan for nonmetropolitan Texas rural countries. The Office of Rural Community Affairs have Rural Health Facility Capital Improvement plan is for 150,000 populated rural countries and other plans like Outstanding Rural Scholar Recognition and loan Program for Rural Health Care, Rural Physician Recruitment Program and Rural Physician Relief Program. The Bureau of Emergency Management has Temporary Exemptions for Rural EMS which covers 50,000 or less populated rural countries. ( 4 )